LAB 000: The Eclipses and the Universe

KNOWLEDGE LAB 000 · MAPMAKERS

Welcome, explorer. This is the online companion to The Evolution of Knowledge — The Eclipses and the Universe. The book gives you the starting point; the 21 Vectors give you the MAP; this page opens the paths beyond the page.

Each Vector below has its key ideas, its people, its connections to other Vectors, and the question it leaves open. Images that live outside the book are on the images page.

The 21 Vectors

  1. The Moon that Obeyed Columbus
  2. The Gods in the Sky
  3. The Gods Obey Mathematics
  4. The Accident that Makes Eclipses Possible
  5. Is the Earth Flat?
  6. Our Own Spaceship
  7. The Star We Cannot Touch
  8. Two Clocks for the Same Moon
  9. Galileo
  10. Does it All Make Sense Now?
  11. We Are Made of Stars
  12. When the Sky Became a Model
  13. Nine Planets, Then Eight
  14. Newton and the Apple
  15. The Sea that Obeys the Moon
  16. Space Bends
  17. Not Just a Gray Sphere
  18. Footprints and Machines
  19. And Now: Lunar Bases and Robots?
  20. And the Next Eclipses?
  21. The Incomplete MAP

VECTOR 01

The Moon that Obeyed Columbus

Key ideas: Lunar Eclipse · Navigation · Nautical Almanac

Key people: Columbus · Regiomontanus · Toscanelli · Amerigo Vespucci · Waldseemüller

From here: V02 The Gods in the Sky · V03 The Gods Obey Mathematics · V05 Is the Earth Flat? · V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon

The next question: How can we use what we know when we know that our MAP is incomplete?

VECTOR 02

The Gods in the Sky

Celestial Bodies in Mythology and Culture

Key ideas: Celestial Gods · Planets · Constellations · Prediction · Observation · Measurement

Key people: Aryabhata

From here: V03 The Gods Obey Mathematics · V12 When the Sky Became a Model · V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon

The next question: Are there things we still explain with stories simply because we do not yet have a better MAP?

VECTOR 03

The Gods Obey Mathematics

Mathematics and the Prediction of Celestial Events

Key ideas: Mathematics · Prediction · Patterns · Celestial Motion · Models · Measurement

Key people: Thales of Miletus · Anaxagoras · Guo Shoujing · Aryabhata

From here: V04 The Accident that Makes Eclipses Possible · V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon

The next question: Does the model tell us what reality is — or only how accurately we can predict what it does?

VECTOR 04

The Accident that Makes Eclipses Possible

Key ideas: Moon · Eclipses · Orbital Tilt · Nodes · Perigee · Apogee · Synodic Period

Key people: William Hartmann · Donald Davis

From here: V06 Our Own Spaceship · V07 The Star We Cannot Touch

The next question: How do we know that something is true when we cannot see it directly?

VECTOR 05

Is the Earth Flat?

Earth’s Shape, Curvature and Measurement

Key ideas: Observation · Measurement · Eratosthenes · Circumnavigation · Evidence

Key people: Pythagoras · Aristotle · Eratosthenes · Ferdinand Magellan · Juan Sebastián Elcano · Yuri Gagarin

From here: V06 Our Own Spaceship · V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon · V11 We Are Made of Stars

The next question: What else is happening in the Solar System that we cannot yet see?

VECTOR 06

Our Own Spaceship

Earth: Rotation, Energy and Life

Key ideas: Earth · Rotation · Sidereal Day · Free Fall · Biosphere · Photosynthesis · Definition of Life

Key people: Galileo · Newton · Gerald Joyce

From here: V07 The Star We Cannot Touch · V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon · V11 We Are Made of Stars

The next question: What else might look completely different if we could observe it from somewhere else?

VECTOR 07

The Star We Cannot Touch

The Sun: Stellar Physics and Solar Energy

Key ideas: Sun · Solar Energy · Light · Gravity · Nuclear Fusion · Solar System · Stellar Evolution

Key people: Galileo · Democritus

From here: V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon · V11 We Are Made of Stars · V13 Nine Planets, Then Eight

The next question: If the Sun is a star, how many other stars might have worlds of their own?

VECTOR 08

Two Clocks for the Same Moon

Lunar Motion and the Measurement of Time

Key ideas: Sidereal Period · Synodic Period · Frame of Reference · Lunar Motion · Time Measurement

Key people: Hipparchus

From here: V06 Our Own Spaceship · V07 The Star We Cannot Touch · V11 We Are Made of Stars

The next question: What happens when a new instrument shows us more than our MAP can explain?

VECTOR 09

Galileo

Galileo, the Telescope and the New Astronomy

Key ideas: Galileo · Telescope · Observation · Moons of Jupiter · Evidence · Heliocentrism

Key people: Galileo · Copernicus · Kepler · Tycho Brahe

From here: V07 The Star We Cannot Touch · V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon · V10 Does it All Make Sense Now?

The next question: Galileo did something that changed the history of knowledge: what happens when our instruments reveal something that our best model cannot explain?

VECTOR 10

Does it All Make Sense Now?

Eclipse Geometry and the Scientific Method

Key ideas: Eclipse Geometry · Umbra · Penumbra · Angular Size · Nodes · Eclipse Paths · Scientific Method

Key people: Edmond Halley

From here: V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon · V09 Galileo · V11 We Are Made of Stars · V16 Space Bends

The next question: What happens when everything seems to make sense — and then one observation refuses to fit the MAP?

VECTOR 11

We Are Made of Stars

Solar System and the Origin of the Elements

Key ideas: Nebular Hypothesis · Protoplanetary Disk · Orbital Plane · Stellar Nucleosynthesis · Supernovae · Origin of the Elements

Key people: Emanuel Swedenborg · Immanuel Kant · Pierre-Simon Laplace · Galileo

From here: V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon · V12 When the Sky Became a Model · V13 Nine Planets, Then Eight

The next question: If the planets are part of one moving system, how did that system acquire its shape in the first place?

VECTOR 12

When the Sky Became a Model

Astronomical Models, Geometry and Predictions

Key ideas: Models · Geocentrism · Heliocentrism · Astronomical Tables · Precession · Scientific Revolution

Key people: Aristarchus · Eratosthenes · Hipparchus · Ptolemy · Al-Battani · Ibn al-Haytham · Al-Tusi · Arzachel · Copernicus · Tycho Brahe · Kepler

From here: V04 The Accident that Makes Eclipses Possible · V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon · V11 We Are Made of Stars · V13 Nine Planets, Then Eight

The next question: How much can we learn from a simple model before reality becomes too complicated for it?

VECTOR 13

Nine Planets, Then Eight

The Solar System and the Classification of Planets

Key ideas: Solar System · Planets · Dwarf Planets · Moons · Asteroids · Comets · Orbits

Key people: William Herschel · Giuseppe Piazzi · Urbain Le Verrier · Johann Galle

From here: V07 The Star We Cannot Touch · V11 We Are Made of Stars · V12 When the Sky Became a Model · V14 Newton and the Apple

The next question: If planets can be so different even when they form around the same star, what happens when we look at planets orbiting other stars?

VECTOR 14

Newton and the Apple

Universal Gravitation and the Laws of Motion

Key ideas: Gravity · Laws of Motion · Inertia · Force · Acceleration · Orbits · Universal Gravitation

Key people: Newton · Galileo · Kepler

From here: V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon · V10 Does it All Make Sense Now? · V15 The Sea that Obeys the Moon · V16 Space Bends

The next question: If one of the greatest MAPs in the history of science could be replaced by a deeper one, how do we recognize when our current MAP is no longer enough?

VECTOR 15

The Sea that Obeys the Moon

Lunar Gravity and the Physics of Tides

Key ideas: Tides · Gravity · Moon · Sun · Ocean · Tidal Forces · Earth–Moon System

Key people: Pytheas of Massalia · Aristotle · Al-Biruni · Abu Ma’shar · Kepler · Galileo · Newton · Laplace

From here: V04 The Accident that Makes Eclipses Possible · V12 When the Sky Became a Model · V14 Newton and the Apple · V16 Space Bends

The next question: If the Moon can influence the Earth across space, and the Earth can influence the Moon in return, where does the influence actually begin and end?

VECTOR 16

Space Bends

Light, Spacetime and General Relativity

Key ideas: Spacetime · Gravity · Relativity · Light · Curvature · Mass · Time

Key people: Joseph von Fraunhofer · Gustav Kirchhoff · Robert Bunsen · Isaac Newton · Albert Einstein

From here: V14 Newton and the Apple · V15 The Sea that Obeys the Moon · V17 Not Just a Gray Sphere · V21 The Incomplete MAP

The next question: What is gravity actually doing to space itself?

VECTOR 17

Not Just a Gray Sphere

Lunar Geology, Composition and Resources

Key ideas: Moon · Lunar Surface · Craters · Maria · Lunar Origin · Water Ice · Exploration

Key people: Paul Muller · William Sjogren

From here: V04 The Accident that Makes Eclipses Possible · V12 When the Sky Became a Model · V18 Footprints and Machines · V19 And Now: Lunar Bases and Robots?

The next question: How do we reconstruct events that happened billions of years before anyone could observe them?

VECTOR 18

Footprints and Machines

Human and Robotic Lunar Exploration

Key ideas: Space Exploration · Rockets · Apollo · Lunar Missions · Robotics · Remote Sensing

Key people: Neil Armstrong · James Lovell · Harrison Schmitt · Eugene Cernan

From here: V17 Not Just a Gray Sphere · V19 And Now: Lunar Bases and Robots? · V20 And the Next Eclipses?

The next question: What happens when the explorer no longer needs to be human?

VECTOR 19

And Now: Lunar Bases and Robots?

Lunar Bases, Resources and Future Missions

Key ideas: Lunar Bases · Robots · Resources · Water Ice · Remote Operations · Artemis · Chang’e

Key people: Reid Wiseman

From here: V17 Not Just a Gray Sphere · V18 Footprints and Machines · V20 And the Next Eclipses? · V21 The Incomplete MAP

The next question: Now we are beginning to ask a different question: Can we stay?

VECTOR 20

And the Next Eclipses?

Eclipse Prediction, Observation and Future Events

Key ideas: Solar Eclipses · Lunar Eclipses · Prediction · Saros Cycle · Orbital Motion · Celestial Mechanics · Time to Observe

Key people: Kidinnu

From here: V01 The Moon that Obeyed Columbus · V04 The Accident that Makes Eclipses Possible · V08 Two Clocks for the Same Moon · V12 When the Sky Became a Model · V21 The Incomplete MAP

The next question: And what happens when, one day, an observation in the sky does not agree with our prediction?

VECTOR 21

The Incomplete MAP

Scientific Models, Evidence and the Limits of Knowledge

Key ideas: Knowledge · Evidence · Models · Uncertainty · Observation · Prediction · Exploration

Key people: Ptolemy · Copernicus · Kepler · Galileo · Newton · Einstein · Thomas Kuhn · Karl Popper · Kurt Gödel

From here: V01 The Moon that Obeyed Columbus · V10 Does it All Make Sense Now? · V16 Space Bends · V19 And Now: Lunar Bases and Robots?

The next question: We began with an eclipse. Along the way, our MAPs changed. The Universe did not change. What changed was what we knew about it. A MAP can be imperfect, and still be indispensable. The important question is not whether our MAP is complete.

Glossary

The full glossary is in the book. A searchable online version is coming here.

Further reading & sources

The book’s Further Reading & Sources section lists every source by theme. Links to the online sources will be added here.

Images

See all images for this LAB at www.1skypress.com/lab000-images.


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